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UNDER THE LASH

GALLAGHERS SENT TO AUSTRALIA AS CONVICTS

By Merle O’Donnell 

“Some of the convicts, indeed a good many of them”, wrote Mark Twain, “were very bad people, even for that day; but the most of them were probably not noticeably worse than the average of the people they left behind at home.  We must believe this; we cannot avoid it.  We are obliged to believe that a nation that could look on, unmoved, and see starving or freezing women hanged for stealing twenty-six cents’ worth of bacon or rags, and boys snatched from their mothers, and men from their families, and sent to the other side of the world for long terms of years for similar trifling offences, was a nation to whom the word “civilised” could not in any large way be applied…

 

If we look into the characters and conduct of the officers and gentlemen who had charge of the convicts and attend to their backs and stomachs, we must grant again that as between the convict and his masters…and the nation at home, there was quite a monotony of sameness.”

A convict’s life was neither easy or pleasant and in many cases downright unendurable.   On arrival they were assigned to chain gangs to build roads and clear land, or given over to property owners as farm labourers.  In the early days the few animals in the Colony were too prized to be used for heavy haulage, so the task fell to the convicts.  If they were skilled carpenters or stonemasons they were put to work erecting public buildings and homes for settlers.  The work was hard, the accommodation rough and ready, the food unpalatable and strictly rationed.  Discipline was brutal.  It was not uncommon for a man to die at work, having been forced to stay there until the last moment or while being carried to a hospital.  Fifty lashes were meted out for the slightest offence.  Sometimes a psychopathic officer would up it fifty and fifty again for as long as the convict could endure the torture and live. Convicts who reoffended in the new Colony were likely to be sent off to a place of secondary punishment, such as Coal River, NSW, or Port Macquarie, Moreton Bay, Darlington, Norfolk Island or Port Arthur.  These terrible, isolated places were designed to “reform” prisoners by dispensing upon them the most brutal punishments imaginable.       

Women were the underclass, subjected to varying degrees of humiliation and degradation.   The ships they were transported on inevitably became floating brothels.  In 1817 a British judge acknowledged that it was accepted that the younger women be taken to the cabins of the officers each night, or thrown in with the crew.   For many years, females were in short supply in the Colonies and the arrival of a shipload generated a near hysteria among the settlers.  On their arrival in the Colony, it was the custom for the male inhabitants to select a woman, and not necessarily as a servant.  The remainder were brought on shore and placed in the female factory (gaol).  Conditions steadily improved in the 1820’s and prostitution on board ship appears to have been abolished, though not entirely. 

In time, convicts earned a form of freedom by Ticket of Leave until they were granted a Certificate of Freedom, Emancipation or Pardon and their sentence was at an end.  Even then, many could not return home, even if they wished to.  Only those who received an Absolute Pardon  were permitted to return to England or Ireland.  

They came in chains as unwilling convicts in crowded transport ships. They toiled as slaves and endured unimaginable hardship, bought land and prospered in the new country.     

The first Gallagher to arrive in Australia (as far as I can ascertain) was a woman by the name of Elizabeth Gallagher, alias Golluker.  In 1801 Elizabeth  stood trial in Dublin.  She was sentenced to 7 years transportation and arrived in New South Wales in 1801 on board the ship Anne I.  Little is know of her but hopefully, more of her story will emerge as time allows.  We are well acquainted with the brutality of the Convict transportation system, the distress and injustices of a hard and callous age when many were driven to commit crime, the plight of individuals subjected to malignant laws and famine.  They gave the work of their hands and often their lives.  It does matter if they are forgotten. 

Below are lists taken from various State Records containing the names of Gallaghers who came to Australia as convicts. 

Convicts are the easiest to research because of the wealth of documentation on them.  Each was identified not only by name but by the ship he/she was transported on.  Sometimes a convict used an alias (possibly to protect the family name) but these are usually listed along with the original surname.  So, as long as you have the name of the ship and the year it arrived, it’s a safe bet this person can be traced.  This is a project in progress and will be added to as time and research permits. 

GALLAGHERS TRANSPORTED AS CONVICTS TO AUSTRALIA  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Name

DOB/Status

Native Place

Occupation

Trial Place/Year

Crime

Time

Vessel

Arr Yr            

GALLAGHER

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Anne

1820

Tyrone Co.

Kitchenmaid

1839

 

 

Whitby

1839

 

Note: Age at Trial 19 yrs. 

 

Ann

1809/M

Donegal

Dairy Maid

 

 

      

Minerva

1839

 

Note: Married, 1 son.  

 

Charles 

1809/S

 

Errand Boy

Donegal/1826

House Stealing

Life

Regalia

1826

Christopher

1877

Fermanagh

Trumpeter

Roscommon/1818

 

 7yrs

Daphne

1819

 

Note: Certificate of Freedom, 4 July, 1825.  See Additional Information, below.

 

Christopher

1775

 

Labourer

Naas, Kildare/ 1803

 

7yrs

Tellichery

1806

 

Granted Cert of Freedom 9 Jan, 1810.  Certificate of Emancipation 1 June, 1810.

 

Dennis

1817

 

Labourer

Dublin/1835     

 

 

Lady McNaughten

1835

Edmund

c1816/S

Kerry Co.

Farm Lab.

1834

 

 

Blenheim

1834

Edward

1773

Rosscommon

Shepherd

Rosscommon/1821      

Stealing Sheep

 7yrs

Earl St. Vincent  

1823

Edward

1812/S

Dublin

Painter

Dublin City/1830

Stealing Cloak

 7yrs

Hercules II

1832

 

Note: I previous conviction

 

Eleanor

1803/M

Mayo Co.

Laundress

1839

 

 

Minerva

1839

 

Note: Age at Trial 36 yrs.  Married with 1 son.  

 

Elizabeth

 

 

 

Dublin/1801

 

 7yrs

Anne I

1801

 

Alias Golluker

 

Felix

1803/S

Tyrone

Farm Servant

Tyrone/1827      

Manslaughter

 Life

Mangles 

1828

 

Note: On Convict Absconders List NSW. 1830.

 

Fergus

1768

 

Stock Keeper

Lifford, Donegal/1792      

 Stealing Sheep

Life

Boddingtons

1793

 

Alias Ganlicar.

 

Francis

1789/S

Mayo

Farm Labourer      

Mayo Co./1826      

Stealing Sheep

 7yrs

Boyne

1826

Francis

1803/S

Tyrone

Labourer

Tyrone/1827            

Manslaughter  

7yrs

Mangles 

1828

Francis

1796

Mayo Co.

Labourer

Mayo/1817

 

  Life

Minerva I 

1818

 

Granted Conditional Pardon 31 December, 1847.

 

George

1816

Armagh Co.

Labourer

1838

 

 

William Jardine 

1838

 

Note: Age at Trial 22 yrs.  

 

Hugh

1817/S

Glasgow

Cowboy

Donegal/1828

 

 

Fergusson

1829

 

Note: 2 former convictions.

 

Hugh

1791

Sligo

Servant

Sligo/1819

 

 Life

 Daphne

1819

Hugh

1817

Tyrone Co.

Labourer

1838

 

 

 Westmoreland 

1838

 

Note: Age at Trial 21 yrs.  

 

James 

1798/S

Donegal

Reaper

Donegal Co./1821

 

 7yrs    

 Isabella I 

1822

 

Alias Callaghan

 

James

1804/S

Donegal

Farm Labourer     

Leitrim/1825

Stealing Cows 

7yrs

Regalia

1826

 

Alias Gollogher  

 

James

1801

Armagh

Butter Maker

Dundalk, Louth/1824

 

  7yrs

Ann & Amelia 

1825

 

Note: Other occupations listed: Ploughman, Shearer

 

James

1804

Mayo Co.

Reaper, Thrasher  

Galway/1824

 

 

Asia I 

1825

James

1798

Clare Co.

Weaver

Ennis/1823

        

  7yrs

Isabella I 

1823

James

1786

Roscomm. Co. 

Shepherd

Rosscommon/1820

 

  7yrs

Lord Sidmouth 

1821

James

1779

Mayo Co.

Labourer

Mayo/1818

        

  7yrs

Minerva I 

1819

James

1779

Wexford

Ploughman

 Lancaster. Engl./1824

 

  Life

Minstrel 

1825

 

Note: Granted Conditional Pardon 10 April, 1847.

 

Jane

c1819/S

Chelsea

Housemaid

 

 

 

Surrey

1840

 

Note: Age at Trial c21 yrs.  

 

John

1794

King’s Co.

Ploughman

Kildare Co./1822

 

  Life

Countess of Harcourt 

1822

 

Note: Granted Conditional Pardon 1 January, 1842.

 

John

1796

Meath Co.

Labourer

Meath Co./1819

 

  7yrs      

Hadlow

1820

John

1781/M 2 ch

Tipperary

Fisherman

Trim, Meath/1828

Robbed House 

7yrs    

Fergusson

1829

John

1793

Tyrone Co.

Farm Lab.

Tyrone/1825    

Robbed House 

  7yrs

Phoenix III

1826

 

Note: Shot in the act of setting fire to hulk in Kingston, Dublin

 

John

1800/S

Limerick

 

Limerick/1828

Stealing Quilt 

7yrs

Sophia

1829

 

Note: Labourer assigned to Thomas McAffrey of Salt Pan Creek, Herne Bay, now Riverland, Sydney NSW.

 

John

1781

King’s Co.

Labourer

Dublin City/1812

        

   7yrs

Three Bees

1814

John

1803

Belfast

Weaver

Antrim/1803

 

   7yrs

Lord Sidmouth 

1821

John

1793

Donegal

Tinker

Monaghan/1817

        

Life

Minerva I

1818

John

1800/M

Drogheda

Shoemaker, Lab. 

Dublin/1826

Stole Clothes     

7yrs    

Phoenix III

1826

 

Alias Gollocher  

 

John

1803

Londonderry

Whitesmith

Leitrim Co.

 

7yrs

Recovery  

1823

John

c1822

Mayo Co.

Labourer

 

 

 

Pekoe

1840

 

Note: Ship:  Age at Trial c18 yrs.  

 

John

c1816

Armagh Co.

Labourer

 

 

 

William Jardine

1838

 

Note:Alias Geo Keating.  Age at Trial c22 yrs.  Ship William Jardine Dep. Dublin 28 November, 1837.  Arr. NSW 11 April,

1838.

 

John

c1815/S

 

Baker

 

 

14yrs   

William Jardine

1852

 

Note: Alias Johnston, Thomas Adelaide.  Age at Trial c37 yrs. Convict No.  1305.  Height 5’ 3 ½”, dark brown hair,

Blear grey eyes, oval face, sallow complexion. Slight build.  Cut on left eye.  Died 11 August, 1888, prison hospital.

 

John

1832/S

 

Barber

Glasgow/1852

 

14yrs   

Ramillies

1854

 

Note: Prisoner No. 3202.  Swan River Colony, WA. Literate.  RC. Known areas, Swan, Perth. Worked for self 1857.

Date of Trial in Glasgow 28 September, 1852.

 

Matthew

1811

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Aka William. Ship: ?  Convict absconded 1828.  Died 1821 aged 21 yrs. 

 

Mark

c1822/M 1ch

 

Waggoner

Birmingham/1852

Stealing lead 

 

Clara

1857

 

Note: Age on arrival in Australia 30 yrs?  5 yrs on hulk before transportation?   Convict No. 4433.  Height 5’ 4”, light

brown hair, grey eyes, long face, fresh complexion, middling stout.  Broken left leg, scar under left eye.  Died 25 April,

1883, Fremantle Prison Hospital.  Cause of death, acute bronchitis.

 

Martin

1806/M

Galway

Ploughman

Galway/1830

        

 7yrs

Andromeda II  

1830

 

Note: Married with 1 child.  Other occupations listed Reaper, Milkman, Shearer, Sower

 

Mary

1787/W

Donegal Co

Thorough Servant  

Dublin/1826

Stealing Note

 7yrs

Brothers 

1827

 

Note: Alias Lipsey. Widow no family.  

 

Mary Anne

1812/S

Dublin

Nurse Girl

Dublin/1827

Stealing Linen 

7yrs

Edward

1829

 

Single mother here as Judith Gallagher aged 14 or 15 yrs.  Assigned servant.  Charged with theft at Sydney 1830.

Died Moreton Bay ,1832, aged 20. 

 

Mary Anne

1823

Belfast

Kitchenmaid

 Dublin Assize/1840

 

 

Margaret

1840

Michael

1818

Galway Co.

Labourer

1838

 

 

Elphinstone

1838

 

Note: Age at Trial 28 yrs.  

 

Michael

1799

Derry Co.

Weaver, Lab.

Dumfires, Scotland/1820

 

7yrs

Asia  I

1820

 

Note: Also alias Gallochar, Gallaher.

 

Michael

1797/M

Cork

Labourer

Cork/1829

Stealing Sheep  

7yrs

Larkins 

1829

 

Note: Married with 3 children.

 

Oliver

1811

Donegal Co

        

1837

Assault

7yrs

Calcutta

1837

 

Note: Trial date 18 March, 1837.  Detained at Kilmainham Gaol Dublin 3 April, 1837.  

 

Patrick

 

Sligo

 

 

 

 

Providence I

1811

Patrick

1794/M 7ch

Cavan Co.

 

1839

 

 

Blenheim

1839

 

Note: Age at Trial 45 yrs. Married, 4 sons and 3 daughters.  Died 1842.

 

Patrick

1808/S

Dublin

Errand Boy

Dublin/1824

 

7yrs

Ann & Amelia 

1825

Patrick

1813/S

Down Co.

Farm Boy

Armagh/1828

House Robbery  

7yrs

Fergusson

1829

Patrick

1768

 

 

Omagh, Tyrone Co/1794

Burglary,Felony 

 Life   

Marquis Cornwallis

1796

 

Note: Trial details, Ireland, available.  No record in NSW.  Died on voyage?

 

Patrick

1781

Sligo

 

1810

 

Life     

Providence I

1811

 

Note:  Died, 1816.  Richmond.

 

Peter

1759

 

 

Lifford Assizes/1792

Stealing linen

Life  

Marquis Cornwallis  

1796

 

Note: Alias Gollyer. Trial details available.  Crime: Stealing linen out of bleach green.

 

Peter

1799/S

Tyrone Co.

Farm Labourer 

Tyrone/1825 

Stealing sheep    

 7yrs     

Regalia

1826

Peter

1813

 

 

Kings Co./1837

Burglary

Life     

Calcutta

1837

 

Note: Sentence: Death communted to Life. Convict detained at Kilmainham Gaol. Dublin. 23 March, 1837.

 

Peter

1819

Kings Co.

Tailor

1839

 

 

Blenheim I

1839

 

Note: Age at Trial 20 yrs.  

 

Rose

c1807/S

Antrim Co.

Nursemaid

1834?

 

 

Andromeda

1834

 

Note: Age at Trial c 27yrs.  Died 1840. 

 

Sarah Emma

1821/S

Dublin

Children’s Maid  

Dublin/1837

Stealing Shawl     

7yrs   

Sir Charles Forbes

1837

Thomas

1814

 

 

Leitrim Co./1847

Robbery

7yrs  

Pestonjee Bomanjee 

1849

Thomas

c1820

Westmeath Co. 

Labourer

 

 

 

Nautillus

1840

Thomas

 

 

 

Tipperary Co./1847

Forgery 

7yrs

Pestonjee Bomanjee

1849

 

Note: Crime: Forgery Bank Note. 

 

Thomas

 

 

 

Clare Co./1811

         

7yrs

Archduke Charles

1813

Thomas

1806/S

Dublin

Plasterer

Dublin/1827

Housebreaking 

Life

Morley

1828

 

Note: Other occupation, Slater.  Two former convictions.  Granted Conditional Pardon 1 January, 1841.

 

William

1797/M 3ch

Donegal

Farmer’s Man 

Donegal/1826

Stealing Cows

7yrs

Cambridge

1827

William

1768

Fermanagh Co  

Farrier

King’s Co/1817

 

7yrs

Martha

1818

 

Note: Other occupation, horseshoer.

 

GALLACHER

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

John

1832/S

 

Barber

Glasgow/1852

 

14yrs     

Ramillies

1854

 

Note: Date of Trial in Glasgow 28 September, 1852. Convict No. 3202.  Swan River Colony, WA. Literate.  RC. Known

areas, Swan, Perth.  Worked for self 1857.

 

Richard

1831? S

 

Nailer

Inverary/1854

Assault

14yrs  

 William Hammond  

1856

 

Note: Alias Gallagher. Tried Inverary, Scotland.  Crime Assault with intent to ravish.  Previous conviction.  Convict

No. 3962, Swan River Colony.  Semi Literate, RC.  Known areas, Perth, Toodyay.  Ticket of Leave 25 November,

1858.  

 

Thomas

1832/S

 

Gardener

Glasgow/1852

 

10yrs     

Adelaide

1855

 

Note: Alias Gallagher, Johnston. Date of Trial 27 April, 1852.  Court of Justiciary, Glasgow, Province of Lanark, Scotland. 

Convict No. 3461 Swan River Colony, WA.  Known areas Perth, Fremantle.  Ticket of Leave 18 July, 1855.

 

GOLLOGHER

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Michael

1834

 

 

Manchester/1857

Housebreaking

6yrs

Edwin Fox

1858

 

Note: Convict No. 5306, Swan River Colony, WA.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CONVICT TRANSPORT SHIPS BRINGING GALLAGHERS TO AUSTRALIA AS LISTED ABOVE

 

 

ADELAIDE Dep Portland, England 19 April, 1855. Arr. Fremantle, Swan River Colony, WA, 18 July, 1855.
ANDROMEDA II Dep. Cork 28 August, 1830. Arr. Sydney, NSW 18 December, 1830.
ANDROMEDA Dep. Cork 25 May, 1834. Arr. Sydney, NSW 17 September, 1834.
ANNE I Dep. Cork 26 June, 1800. Arr. Sydney, NSW 21 February, 1801.
ANN & AMELIA Dep. Cork 8 September, 1824. Arr. Sydney, NSW 2 January, 1825.
ARCHDUKE CHARLES Dep. Cork 15 May, 1812. Arr. Sydney, NSW 16 February, 1813 – a voyage of 277 days!
ASIA I Dep. England 3 September, 1820. Arr. Sydney, NSW 28 December, 1820.
ASIA I Dep. Cork 29 October, 1824. Arr. Sydney, NSW 22 February, 1825.
BLENHEIM Dep. Cork 27 July, 1834. Arr. NSW 14 November, 1834.
BLENHEIM Dep. Dublin 19 May, 1839. Arr. Sydney, NSW 26 December,1839.
BODDINGTONS Dep. Cork 15 February, 1793. Arr. Sydney, NSW 7 August, 1793.
BOYNE Dep. Cork 29 June, 1826. Arr. Sydney, NSW 28 October, 1826
BROTHERS Dep. Cork 3 October,1826. Arr. Sydney, NSW 2 February, 1827.
CALCUTTA Dep. Dublin 18 April,1837. Arr. Sydney, NSW 5 August,1837.
CAMBRIDGE Dep. Dublin 2 June, 1827. Arr. Sydney, NSW 17 September, 1827.
CLARA Dep. London, 19 March, 1857. Arr. Fremantle, Swan River Colony, WA, 3 July, 1857.
COUNTESS OF HARCOURT Dep. Cork 3 September, 1822. Arr. Sydney, NSW 21 February, 1823.
DAPHNE Dep. Cork 28 May, 1819. Arr. Sydney, NSW 21 September, 1819.
EARL ST. VINCENT Dep. Cork 29 April, 1823. Arr. Sydney, NSW 9 September, 1823.
EDWARD Dep. Cork 1 January, 1829. Arr. Sydney, NSW 26 April, 1829.
EDWIN FOX Dep. Plymouth, England 26 August, 1858. Arr. Fremantle, Swan River Colony, WA, 20 November, 1858
ELPHINSTONE Dep. Dublin 8 September, 1838. Arr. Sydney, NSW 27 September,1838.
FERGUSSON Dep. Dublin 16 November, 1828. Arr. Sydney, NSW 26 March, 1829.
HADLOW Dep. Cork 2 April, 1820. Arr. Sydney, NSW 5 August, 1820.
HERCULES II Dep. Downes 19 June, 1832. Arr. Sydney, NSW 16 October, 1832
ISABELLA I Dep. Cork 4 November, 1821. Arr. Sydney, NSW 9 March, 1822.
ISABELLA I Dep. Ireland 1823. Arr. Sydney NSW 16 December, 1823.
LADY McNAUGHTEN Dep. Dublin 23 June, 1835. Arr. Sydney, NSW 26.10. 1835.
LARKINS Dep. Cork 16 August, 1829. Arr. Sydney, NSW 12 December, 1829.
LORD SIDMOUTH Dep. Cork 4 November, 1820. Arr. Sydney, NSW 19 February 1821.
MANGLES Dep. Dublin 23 Fenruary, 1828. Arr. Sydney, NSW 2 June, 1828.
MARGARET Dep. Dublin 30 April, 1840. Arr. Sydney, NSW 17 August, 1840.
MARQUIS CORNWALLIS Dep Cork 9 August, 1798. Arr. Sydney, NSW 11 February, 1796.
MARTHA Dep. Cork 18 August, 1818. Arr. Sydney, NSW 24 December, 1818.
MINERVA I Dep. Ireland 1 January, 1818. Arr. Sydney, NSW 30 April, 1818.
MINERVA Dep. Cork 26 August, 1819. Arr. Sydney, NSW 17 December, 1819
MINERVA Dep. Dublin 18 August, 1839. Arr. Sydney, NSW 26 December, 1839.
MINSTREL Dep. Portsmouth, England 17 April, 1825. Arr. Sydney, NSW 22 August, 1825.
MORLEY Dep. Cork 18 August, 1818. Arr. Sydney, NSW 24 December, 1818.
NAUTILLUS Dep. Dublin 17 September, 1830. Arr. Sydney, NSW 9 February, 1840.
PEKOE Dep. Dublin 10 July, 1840. Arr. Sydney, NSW 6 November, 1840.
PESTONJEE BOMANJEE Dep. Dublin 2 Sept, 1848. Arr. Hobart, Van Diemen’s Land (Tasmania) 2 January, 1849
PHOENIX III Dep. Dublin 27 August, 1826. Arr. Syndey, NSW 25 December, 1826.
PROVIDENCE I Dep. Falmouth 21 January, 1811. Arr. Sydney, NSW 2 July, 1811.
RAMILLIES Dep. London 30 May, 1854. Arr. Fremantle, Swan River Colony, WA, 7 August, 1854.
RECOVERY Dep. Cork 5 April, 1823. Arr. Sydney, NSW 30 July, 1823.
REGALIA Dep. Dublin 5 August, 1826. Arr. Sydney, NSW 5 August, 1826.
SIR CHARLES FORBES Dep Dublin 11 August, 1837. Arr. Sydney, NSW 25 December, 1837.
SOPHIA Dep. Dublin 15 September, 1828. Arr. Sydney, NSW 17 January, 1829.
SURREY Dep. Downs 2 April, 1840. Arr. Sydney, NSW 13 July, 1840.
TELLICHERY Dep. Cork 31 August, 1805. Arr. NSW 15 February, 1806.
THREE BEES Dep. Falmouth 8 December, 1813. Arr. Sydney, NSW 26 May, 1814.
WESTMORELAND Dep. Dublin 27 April, 1838. Arr. NSW 22 August, 1838.
WHITBY Dep. Dublin 18 February, 1839. Arr. Sydney, NSW 23 June, 1839.
WILLIAM HAMMOND Dep. Plymouth, England 5 January, 1856. Arr. Fremantle, Swan River Colony, WA, 18 July, 1856.
WILLIAM JARDINE Dep. Dublin 28 November, 1837. Arr. Sydney, NSW 11 April, 1838.
WILLIAM JARDINE Dep. Plymouth 3 May, 1852. Arr: Fremantle, Swan River Colony, WA, 1 August 1852.
 

CONVICT STORIES & ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

CHRISTOPHER GALLAGHER. Born Fermanagh 1877, trumpeter, tried at Rosscommon 1818. Sentenced to 7 yrs transportation. Ship Daphne 1819. Christopher’s name appears several times in the Colonial Secretary Index 1788 – 1825. Entries as follows: 1822 Servant to George Marshall, Sydney. Petition for mitigation of sentence Fiche 3214, 4/1864. pp80-1). November 28, 1823 On list of assigned prisoners and listed as Gilligan. (Fiche 3290, 4/457OD. P.46). December 1823 Re permission to marry in RC church. Listed as Galligan (Reel 6011: 4/3509. p.681). October, 1825 On list of convicts mustered in the employ of George Marshall of Sydney in 1823 – 24 (Fiche 3143, 4/1843A, No 512, pp365,367). November 5, 1825. Convict in the service of George Marshall at two successive musters (Reel 6015, 4/3515, p.552). Certificate of Freedom July 4, 1825. Within six years of arriving as a convict he was a free man.

CONVICT EXILES 1846 – 50
State Records of New South Wales

Transportation to New South Wales effectively ceased in 1842 but between 1846 – 50 exiles were transported. Exiles had served part of their sentence in Britain and were granted a Conditional Pardon or Ticket of Leave on arrival in the Colony.

Name       Ship         Sailed From         Trial City       Arrived NSW      Sent to

GALLAGHER
James     Havering   Dublin 4.8.1849   Tyrone          8.11.1849           Maitland District

TICKETS OF LEAVE
State Records of New South Wales

A Ticket of Leave (TOL) was evidence a convict was permitted to live and work outside the “assignment” system within a given district of the Colony before their sentence expired or they were pardoned. Ticket of Leave convicts could hire themselves out or be self-employed. Before they applied for their Ticket of Leave through their masters to the Bench Magistrates, they needed to have served a stipulated portion of their sentence. Conditions applied. The convict was confined to the area named, church attendance was complusory as was appearing before a Magistrate when required. Minor offences could see Ticket’s of Leave revoked by the Magistrate and the holder returned to government (assigned) service. Until 1843, Ticket of Leave holders could not own land or personal property and could not sue for unpaid wages.

Each Ticket of Leave 1810 – 75 gives details of convict’s number, name, name of ship he/she was transported on, year of arrival in Australia, native place, year of birth, offence, place and date of trial, sentence, physical description, district convict allocated to, Bench who recommended him/her and date of issue of Ticket. As such, these tickets are a valuable source of information.

Name Ship District Ticket No. State Records Ref

GALLAGHER
Andrew Mary 1822 27/366 4/4064. Reel 909
Anne Minerva 1839 Goulburn. Vic. 44/1826 4/4191. Reel 953
David St. Vincent 1837 Parramatta 11/512. Reel 939
Eleanor Minerva 1839 Parramatta 44/1821 4/4191. Reel 953
Felix Mangles 1828 Maitland 36/1227 4/4105. Reel 925
Felix Mangles 1828 Campbelltown 42/1402 4/4163. Reel 944
Francis Mangles 1828 Hunters River 32/963 4/4085. Reel 918
Francis Minerva 1818 Maitland 38/1000 4/4120. Reel 930
Francis Minerva 1818 Maitland 32/479 4/4085. Reel 917
Francis Minerva 1818 Maitland 4/1542 Reel 941
Francis Minerva 1818 Paterson 42/1806 Reel 943
Hugh Calcutta 1837 Illawarra 44/1372 Reel 952
Hugh Westmoreland 1838 Paterson 42/2779 Reel 946
James Havering 1849 Maitland 49/1179 Reel 963
James Isabella 1823 Melville 28/564 Reel 911
James Lord Sidmouth 1821 Airds 25/362 Reel 890
James Mangles 1828 Maitland 38/900 4/4120. Reel 930
James Mangles 1828 Maitland 41/707 4/4149. Reel 939
James Minerva 1819 Sydney 25/144 4/4060. Reel 890
James Minstrel 1825 Windsor 34/218 4/4092. Reel 920
John Countess of Harcourt 1822 Sutton Forest 28/480 4/4068. Reel 911
James “ “ Sutton Forest 32/607 Reel 917
James John II 1837 Port Stephens 43/1242 4/4176. Reel 948
John Pekoe 1840 Yass 46/912 4/4208. Reel 959
James Phoenix 1826 Bathurst 31/732 4/4080. Reel 915
James Royal Admiral 1833 Raymond Terrace 39/2109 4/4134. Reel 934
James Sir Godfrey Webster 1826 Moreton Bay 42/1525 4/4164. Reel 944
James St. Vincent 1837 Raymond Terrace 45/339 4/4197. Reel 955
Martin Andromeda 1830 Windsor 34/1623 4/4096. Reel 922

TICKET OF LEAVE PASSPORTS
State Records of New South Wales

Permission was needed before moving to another district and “passports” were issued for those convicts holding a Ticket of Leave whose work required regular travel between districts.

Name Ship Passport No. Date TOL State Records Ref Remarks

GALLAGHER
James Asia 1832 41/0028 15 Jan, 1841 39/0891 4/4241. Reel 968 On the recommendation of Scone Bench.

John John II 1837 44/788 25 Nov, 1844 43/1242 4/4255. Reel 973 On the recommendation of Muswellbrook Bench.

CONDITIONAL PARDONS
State Records of New South Wales

Convicts with life sentences generally received pardons. Conditional Pardons (CP) freed convicts and were granted on the condition that the convict did not return to England or Ireland. Original copies were sent to England and duplicates remained in Australia. Copies were also given to the convicts as proof of Pardon. Conditional Pardon records give date, name, place and year of trial, sentence, ship, date of arrival. Records may also give year of birth, native place, trade or calling, offence, sentence, master and physical description.

Copies of butts of Conditional Pardons (1824-1827 and Conditional Pardons registered by the Colonial Secretary 1826-1870 are available. An alphabetical register of Colonial Pardons from 1828-1862 is on microfilm as well as a register of Colonial Pardons from 1788-1867.

Name Ship Pardon No. Type Date

GALLAGHER
Francis Minerva 1818 48/204 CP 31 December, 1847
James Minstrel 1825 47/374 CP 10 April, 1847
James Minstrel 1825 47/278 CP 1 January, 1841
James Minstrel 40/10330 CP 15 October, 1840
John Countess of Harcourt 1822 43/029 CP 1 January, 1842
Thomas Morley 40/10334 CP 20 October, 1840
Thomas Isabella 1832 47/588 CP 30 July, 1847
Thomas Morley 1828 41/279 CP 1 January, 1841

CONVICT ABSCONDERS

Name Ship Absconded Remarks

GALLAGHER
James Isabella 1819
John Lord Sidmouth 1830 Reward for his apprehension published in Sydney Gazette 1830. Apprehended 1831 and again in 1832.
Patrick Albion 1830
Thomas Albion 1830 Apprehended 1830
William - Aka Matthew ? 1828 Age 17 when absconded. On NSW Convict Deaths & Burials Index 1828-1879. Died 1832. Aged 21.

GALLOCHER
Charles Regalia 1828 Age 19 yrs.
John, Alias McFarland Lady Harewood 1832
Felix Mangles 1828 1830

GOLLOCHER
John Fergusson 1830 Apprehended 1832
Hugh, Alias Wheeler Mangles 1830

CONVICTS IN COURT

New South Wales.

These people appeared in court and their cases listed in the Sydney Gazette. Criminal charges usually proceeded first through the Police Magistrate then the Quarter Sessions of the Supreme Court.

Name Year Details

GALLAGHER
John 1830 Indicted for theft at Illawarra/Campbelltown Court.
Mary Ann 1830 Assigned servant. Charged with theft at Sydney.
James 1834 Dismissed as Patrolman.

CONVICTS & THE POLICE FORCE

Working in the Police Force enabled a quick rise through the convict class system. They were generally paid a small wage and were eligible for bonuses and awards for information and apprehensions which resulted in court convictions.

Name Ship Appointment Year Remarks

GALLAGHER
James Isabella Constable, Sydney. 1831
James Minstrel Constable, Windsor 1831 Dismissed 1832
James Constable, Maitland Resigned 1831
John Hadlow Constable, Sydney Dismissed 1828

CONVICT DEATHS & BURIALS INDEX. 1828-1879
New South Wales

The following Index includes the secondary penal settlements of Norfolk Island, Moreton Bay and Port Macquarie. Registers include those who were executed or were found drowned. The deaths of convicts were recorded by the Principal Superintendent of Convicts Office and the original ledgers are lodged at the Archives office of New South Wales. See Archives Office Fiche No. 749-751, 4/4549.

Name Ship Year of Death

GALLAGHER
Charles Henry 1831
Mary Ann Edward 1829 1832
Michael Norfolk 1832
Michael Cawdry 1826 1840
Patrick Blenheim 1842
Rose Andromeda 4 1840

GALLAGHAR
Bartley Captain Cook 1843

 

GALLAGHAN

John Forth 3 1838